Spacecraft systems airlock for international space station access and interface and methods of operation

ABSTRACT

Embodiments provide a spacecraft airlock system. Embodiments provide a method and apparatus for attaching space exposed payloads to a space station. The spacecraft airlock system provides a defined volume of space payload to the international space station. The airlock further includes a means of attaching to a space station, a closed structure attached to said means, said means of attaching is capable of robotic manipulation, and a cooling system for cooling payload components within said closed structure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityto U.S. application Ser. No. 15/910,907, filed Mar. 2, 2018, which is acontinuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. applicationSer. No. 15/264,238, filed Sep. 13, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,569,911,issued Feb. 25, 2020, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/218,427, filed Sep. 14, 2015, and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/217,883, filed Sep. 13, 2015, all ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates generally to a spacecraft airlock systemconfigurable to utilize robotic operation as well as a system andapparatus for attaching space exposed payloads to a space station.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Space station modules may be attached to each other utilizing variousmeans. In particular, the International Space Station (ISS) utilizesCommon Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs) consisting of a male (Active CommonBerthing Mechanism or ACBM) and a female (Passive Common BerthingMechanism or PCBM) portion that connect modules together and permittransfer of resources, cargo and crew between each module.

Payloads exposed to outer space (i.e. vacuum) conditions may be attachedto a space station by a variety of means. In particular, theInternational Space Station utilizes Flight Releasable AttachmentMechanisms (FRAMs) consisting of a male (Active Flight ReleasableAttachment Mechanism or AFRAM) and a female (Passive Flight ReleasableAttachment Mechanism or PFRAM) portion that connects vacuum exposedpayloads to the International Space Station and provides power, dataline connectivity, and physical attachment of the vacuum exposed payloadwith the International Space Station.

In the case of the International Space Station, the FRAM sites arelocated far from the pressurized modules and have limited resources suchas power and data lines and generally no thermal management system (e.g.active cooling loops) that are enjoyed by the pressurized modules.Accordingly, private companies have undertaken designing and buildingproprietary airlock to approach NASA with the idea, and the space agencyofficially has accepted the project.

There is a need to develop the airlock to launch on a NASA cargo missionand then be attached to a port on the station's Tranquility module. Ahatch in place on the end of Tranquility that blocks the inside of thestation from the vacuum of space. Astronauts may be able to open thishatch to place satellites or other research payloads inside the airlock.Once the payloads are inside, the airlock may depressurize and all theair may be pumped out. Then the station's Canadian robotic arm maydetach the airlock from the ISS and extend it out into space. From here,satellites may be deployed into orbit or research experiments may betested in the vacuum of space.

Demand for external payload sites has continued to grow as industry hasresponded to the extension of the ISS program life. For the past coupleof years, industry has demonstrated a demand for external ISS payloadservices. The needed capacity is to handle expected future growth. Theneeded airlock mechanism would provide a significant expansion to thenumber of external payload sites available to the science and technologydevelopment communities. A minimum of seven (7) additional FRAM sites tobe available for commercial payload or government use are needed.Additional concepts have been discussed to further expand on theoriginal seven sites if the demand continues to grow.

NASA and its station program supporters face the pleasant problem thatthe demand for ISS utilization may well come to exceed availableopportunities. Yet, at the same time, there is the conundrum that theend date of the station may impede the further commercial investmentrequired to allow utilization necessary for next steps in explorationand scientific discovery to grow. Looking out, there is a widelyaccepted desire among stakeholders to develop methods for betterutilizing space station assets and engaging in public-privatepartnerships to best leverage resources for industry to take overlow-Earth orbit operations once the ISS reaches its expiration date.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In embodiments, the disclosure may provide an improved spacecraftairlock system, and in particular, a system and method for attaching asingle hatch airlock robotically to a spacecraft.

In embodiments, an airlock may comprise a plurality of CBM sites. Inembodiments, the airlock may be lightweight and simple in construction.In embodiments, the airlock may be moved between CBM locations and otherlocations without the utilization of an astronaut ExtravehicularActivity (EVA or spacewalk) by using robotic means.

In embodiments, the disclosure may provide a system for attaching spaceexposed payloads to a space station and in particular a method andapparatus for attaching FRAM sites to a module containing a CBM.

In embodiments, CBM sites may be utilized as FRAM sites. In embodiments,FRAM sites may take advantage of the superior resources that areavailable to a CBM site such as, but not limited to, increased power,thermal cooling, and higher bandwidth data services. In embodiments, theFRAM sites may be moved to another CBM location without the utilizationof an astronaut Extravehicular Activity (EVA or spacewalk). Inembodiments, any number of FRAM sites may be added to a CBM site withoutinterfering with the operation of the CBM site.

Embodiments provide a spacecraft airlock system. Embodiments provide amethod and apparatus for attaching space exposed payloads to a spacestation. The spacecraft airlock system provides a defined volume ofspace payload to the international space station. The airlock furtherincludes a means of attaching to a space station, a closed structureattached to said means, said means of attaching is capable of roboticmanipulation, and a cooling system for cooling payload components withinsaid closed structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the disclosed subjectmatter may be set forth in any claims that are filed now and/or later.The disclosed subject matter itself, however, further objectives, andadvantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the followingdetailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 displays the International Space Station (ISS) employing thesubject matter of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show a perspective view of the disclosed subject matteraffixed to an ISS end module.

FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 depict exemplary use scenarios for the presentlydisclosed subject matter.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show use off an International Space Station grappling armrobot for placing the subject matter of the present disclosure with anInternational Space Station end module.

FIGS. 9A through 9F show placement, use, and removal of the presentlydisclosed airlock mechanism through the assistance of the ISS grapplingrobot arm.

FIGS. 10 through 11 depict various uses of the presently disclosedsubject matter in cooperation with a FRAM module.

FIGS. 12A and 12B demonstrate volumetric improvements provided throughthe airlock mechanism of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show volumetric considerations provided through theairlock mechanism of the presently disclosed subject matter.

FIGS. 14 and 15 an installed and equipped airlock structure according tothe presently disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 16 shows various dimensional aspects of the presently disclosedsubject matter for accommodating volume requirements of PCBM guides andlatches.

FIG. 17 shows the relative size of the airlock of the present subjectmatter in comparison with a normally sized individual.

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of the presently disclosed airlockmechanism for a pressure shell type structure equipped with a PassiveCommon Berthing Mechanism (PCMB). B. Technical Approach and Methodology

FIGS. 19 through 21 show aspects of the presently disclosed subjectmatter portraying use for exemplary payloads.

FIGS. 22 through 25 depict use of the airlock exterior for coolingsystem for providing enhanced functionality above and beyond the normalFRAM capabilities of the disclosed subject matter.

FIGS. 26 through 28 illustrate fold-down features for enhancingclearance within the presently disclosed subject matter.

FIGS. 29 and 30, respectively, present a berthed and a deployedconfiguration of the presently disclosed airlock.

FIG. 31 shows a FRAM system and interfaces applicable to the presentlydisclosed subject matter.

FIGS. 32A, 32B, 33, and 34 present engineering considerations forconveying the disclosed subject matter aboard a SpaceX Dragon payload.

FIGS. 35 through 38 show use of the presently disclosed subject matterfor microsatellite deployment.

FIGS. 39 through 41 depict alternative uses for the airlock mechanism ofthe present disclosure to achieve important ISS and related objectives.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Reference now should be made to the drawings, in which the samereference numbers are used throughout the different figures to designatethe same components.

It may be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements shouldnot be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguishone element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed belowmay be termed a second element without departing from the teachings ofthe present disclosure.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It may befurther understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” or“includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specifythe presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps,operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

FIG. 1 displays the International Space Station (ISS) employing thesubject matter of the present disclosure.

This airlock may have five times the volume of the Japanese airlock, sosatellites the size of a refrigerator can potentially be deployed thisway. It also allows deploying even more satellites at one time. “Insteadof doing the microwave-sized satellites one at a time, we can do threeor four of those at one time on one airlock cycle,” says Howe.

The airlock also poses an opportunity for companies to do technologydemonstrations in space. Companies looking to commercialize a spacesensor or camera can test how their technologies hold up in lower Earthorbit. Restraints inside the airlock can hold down these technologies asthey're exposed to the vacuum. “It's opening a door to space,” saysHowe. Once those technologies are flight-proven, the companies then havean easier time selling and marketing their hardware.

The airlock is just one of many commercial vehicles that are slowlymaking their way to the International Space Station. Currently, aprivate inflatable space habitat called BEAM—Bigelow Expandable ActivityModule—is already attached to the Tranquility module, and astronautshave been periodically going inside it to see how it is holding up inspace. Built by Bigelow Aerospace, BEAM has been performing well, andthere are hints that the module may soon be used every day by theastronauts on the station. Building off of that success, NASA has saidit may allow companies to attach their own habitat modules to the ISS incoming years.

This effort is all part of NASA's plan to turn the ISS into acommercial-friendly outpost, before eventually turning over the orbitinglab to the private sector in the mid-2020s. There is a need to use thespace station to expose the commercial sector to new and novel uses ofspace, ultimately creating a new economy in low-Earth orbit forscientific research, technology development and human and cargotransportation.

To meet the growing demand for external payloads on the ISS, Acommercial external payload facility that would operate using one of theberthing sites on Node 3. Such a facility meets one of the corestrategic goals of NASA: providing stimulus to the U.S. economy throughthe creation of jobs via development of goods and services using the ISSplatform as it opens up additional research and utilization byovercoming the capacity constraints of the existing external payloadsites. The new facility, the FRAM Facility, or airlock mechanism, wouldprovide a minimum of seven (7) new Flight Releasable AttachmentMechanism (FRAM) sites for payloads, Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs)and other uses. These new sites may have full functionality withredundant power and high-speed data capabilities. These capabilitiescurrently exist within the Node 3 and thus minimal reconfiguration ofNode 3 is required to accommodate airlock mechanism.

It is envisioned that the airlock mechanism would be attached to theNode 3 Aft berthing ring. The airlock mechanism would be launched in aSpaceX Dragon trunk and then installed on Node 3 by the SSRMS.Astronauts would prepare and hook up the avionics via Intra-VehicularActivity (IVA) and then ground control would manage power up andactivation in a low risk manner. In all, the airlock mechanisminstallation requires no Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVAs) and isdesigned to minimize crew time by maximizing the ability of groundcontrollers to perform many of the activities. All payload installationand removals may be done solely via robotic operations and noExtra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) is required. The payload sites on airlockmechanism provide very good Nadir viewing from at least four sites.Zenith viewing is also fairly good with some partially obscured viewing.Other viewing directions are capable but much more limited. In addition,viewing may be improved by the payloads by providing angled or offsetstructures or active gimbaling or deployment of payload sensors.

The airlock mechanism also allows a stepping stone approach tocommercial payload operations and utilization on and beyond the SpaceStation in accordance with NASA objectives. This sort of commercialinvestment, and team expertise, is vital to protect U.S. interests asgovernment space station operations are set to be terminated in themid-to-late-2020s.

In order to maximize the capabilities of these sites, all of the sitesmay have redundant 120 and 28 VDC power as well as wired Ethernet dataconnection to the ISS Joint Station LAN (JSL) and MIL 1553 interfaces.In addition, active cooling capability may be designed into the airlockmechanism systems using a Glycol type system that would interface to theLow Temperature Water Loop system within Node 3. This would be anoptional service that would be implemented if the customer market wouldwarrant such as a system.

In addition to the external sites, airlock mechanism has internal volumeavailable (“125 ft3) for internal payloads or stowage. A very smallamount of this interior volume may be utilized for the airlock mechanismcore system avionics. The remainder may be utilized for a variety ofpurposes including temporary stowage of other ISS equipment and goods,additional science payloads or payload avionics that would interface topayload sensors mounted on the external FRAM sites. The interior may beoutfitted with seat track that is identical to the internal seat trackused elsewhere on the ISS thereby allowing for a very flexibleconfiguration that is also compatible with existing ISS infrastructureand equipment.

The airlock mechanism may also work in conjunction with the presentairlock to provide additional capability for payloads or ORUs to betransferred from inside the ISS to the outside and vice versa. Thiscapability provides the additional benefit of payloads having a “soft”ride to orbit via internal stowage in ISS visiting vehicles or potentialshirtsleeve environment repair by ISS crew for external payloads in theevent of contingencies, failures or upgrades.

The airlock mechanism delivers additional use of space station resourcesfor both commercial and government payloads. The additional capabilitymay attract additional payloads and extend the utilization of the ISS asa National Laboratory. The additional sites may produce additionalburden on ISS crew time and resources but the airlock mechanism is beingdesigned to minimize crew time and rely heavily on automation androbotics. This reliance on automation and robotics is key to developinga proven infrastructure that may be sustainable after the ISS end oflife. The disclosed airlock provides access to worldwide commercialpayload customer base. This enables additional capability for futureutilization of ISS and provides additional capacity for housingcommercial payloads on ISS.

The airlock mechanism design evolved from the Lightweight UrthecastAlcove (LUNA) effort and the NASA communicated need for additionalexternal payload FRAM sites. Originally LUNA was evaluated for theaddition of two to three FRAM sites to its exterior to accommodate thisneed but when LUNA was cancelled, the focus shifted to an all FRAM sitestructure which then gave birth to the airlock mechanism.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show a perspective view of the disclosed subject matteraffixed to an ISS end module. The airlock of the present disclosure maybe fabricated and installed within a Passive Common Berthing Mechanism,the doorway satellites pass through as they move from the pressurizedenvironment of the ISS into space.

The new airlock is designed to accommodate customers who want to deploysatellites from the ISS that are too large for the current access route,Japan's Kibo airlock. Once the new airlock is installed, ISS astronautsalso may be able to assemble payloads in orbit with component parts sentthe station in cargo transfer bags, the statement said.

The airlock on the Kibo module is the only method for deploying smallsatellites from the station, and it is only opened five to 10 times ayear. Some of those openings are reserved for NASA and the JapaneseAerospace Exploration Agency, which operates the airlock, while just afew openings are reserved for other users. This limited availability hascreated a backlog in deployments for the company.

FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 depict exemplary use scenarios for the presentlydisclosed subject matter. Deployable: CubeSat or Small SatelliteDeployments from ISS. External—Space Vacuum Exposure. Materials exposureor imaging type experiment. An additional feature airlock mechanismprovides for potential payloads is the ability to have payload avionicslocated within the ISS pressurized area and thus only have the sensorsmounted to the FRAM.

This frees up mass and volume on the FRAM plate. Provides lab typeenvironment for avionics which is much more benign than an exteriorenvironment. Avionics may ride up in soft stowage which is much morebenign launch environment than when riding on the FRAM interface (wouldrequire simple crew installation on orbit). Avionics may beupgraded/repaired as needed by the crew. The airlock mechanism would bea natural extension of the current fleet of ISS facilities. Allmanifesting, ISS integration activities, safety, flight planning andoperations would be undertaken by a team known to NASA and the StationProgram.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show use off an International Space Station grappling armrobot for placing the subject matter of the present disclosure with anInternational Space Station end module. FIG. 7 displays a spacecraftairlock system 250 in accordance with embodiments. End module may betransported to orbit via a transportation vehicle travelling to a spacestation (such as the SpaceX Dragon). The end module may be affixed totransportation vehicle via the PCBM. Once the transportation vehicle hasberthed at the space station, the robotic grapple fixture affixed to themodule may be grappled to a robotic arm affixed to the space station.The robotic arm may remove the end module from the transportationvehicle and move the end module to a desired ACBM site so that the endmodule may be berthed on the ACBM site found on the space station. Acrew within the space station may then pressurize module, open a hatchaffixed to ACBM site, and transfer crew members and/or equipment to andfrom module. The module may then be utilized as an airlock.

FIG. 8 displays a perspective view of the module being removed from atransportation vehicle and affixed to a space station in accordance withembodiments. Module may be transported to orbit via a space stationvisiting vehicle (such as, but not limited to, SpaceX Dragon) and, oncethe visiting vehicle has berthed at space station, module may begrappled via robotic arm, removed from visiting vehicle, moved to thedesired ACBM site, and berthed on the ACBM site on space station. Thespace station crew may then open the hatch on the ACBM site side andconnect space station utilities (e.g. electrical, data, coolant lines,etc.) to module. Module may then be ready for use to mount AFRAMpayloads on module.

FIG. 8 further displays a perspective view of a module including FRAMbased payloads and affixed to a space station in accordance withembodiments. In embodiments, module may be a PCBM/ACBM version, whereinmultiple modules may be attached to each other without interfering withthe continued operation of the CBM system. Other modules or visitingvehicles may attach to the ACBM site of the module stack at any timewithout interfering with the operation of the CBM system or FRAM basedpayload installation or removal.

FIGS. 9A through 9F show placement, use, and removal of the presentlydisclosed airlock mechanism through the assistance of the ISS grapplingrobot arm. In depiction 9A, module module may be berthed on an ACBM siteon space station using robotic arm. Depiction 9B shows module beingpressurized from air inside the space station. Depiction 9C showsequipment and or crew being placed inside module. Depiction 9D shows anACBM site hatch being closed and module being depressurized. Depiction9E shows module being removed from the ACBM site on the space stationusing robotic arm. Depiction 9F shows equipment and/or crew being placedoutside module. Additional equipment and/or crew may then be placedinside module for eventual transport into the space station. Inembodiments, steps in method may then be repeated after the placing ofthe equipment and/or crew.

FIGS. 10 through 11 depict various uses of the presently disclosedsubject matter in cooperation with a FRAM module. FIG. 10 displays aperspective view of a module with an ACBM end being affixed to a spacestation in accordance with embodiments. Module may comprise an open endwith a PCBM that may attach to the space station and an ACBM site (withtemporary hatch) on a second open end. Module may comprise a six-sidedcylindrical body with six PFRAM sites located on each face around theperiphery of the module. At least one robotic grapple fixture (e.g. aFlight Releasable Grapple Fixture or FRGF) may be located on the ACBMsite face to permit robotic manipulation of module.

Location of the airlock mechanism is currently targeted at the Node 3Aft CBM location as it provides accessibility by the SSRMS for initialairlock mechanism installation as well as access to all FRAM sites. Perpreliminary analysis, the site also is clear of ISS articulating andadjacent structures and robotic translation corridor.

The airlock mechanism is currently designed to fit within the SpaceXDragon Trunk envelope as shown in FIG. 3. This is a key feature ofairlock mechanism as one of the design goals is to maximize the externalsurface area of airlock mechanism in order to provide as much capabilityas possible for future commercial and government customers. In order toreutilize existing payload latch retention systems, airlock mechanism isplanned to interface to the Dragon Trunk at six locations in the samemanner as the BEAM payload. The current conservative weight estimate forairlock mechanism launch configuration is ˜2,800 lbs. (which includes a25% margin) which is less than the BEAM weight of >3,000 lbs. Allairlock mechanism structures may be designed for the launch and on-orbitload environments.

Upon successful berthing of Dragon to the Node 2 NADIR port, the SSRMSwould be utilized to remove airlock mechanism from the Dragon Trunk andtranslate it to Node 3 Aft CBM for berthing. A preliminary roboticsassessment has been completed showing removal from the Dragon trunk,maneuver to Node 3 Aft, and berthing is feasible via ISS robotics. FIG.4 shows airlock mechanism in the Dragon Trunk with the SSRMS ApproachEnvelope showing clearance to the trunk.

A Centerline Camera Berthing System (CBCS) target located on airlockmechanism would be utilized to facilitate berthing operations. Onceberthed, airlock mechanism would be pressurized using ISS atmosphericresources and the Node 3 Aft hatch opened. Note that there is no plannedhatch located on the airlock mechanism side of the interface to simplifythe structures and operations. Once opened, the ISS power, data, andventilation interfaces would be connected by the crew and the airlockmechanism systems would be powered up and commissioned by groundcontrollers. Once commissioned, the airlock mechanism would be ready forpayload operations. The airlock mechanism installation and commissioningis a short duration process and may be accomplished in one to two daysfrom Dragon Trunk extraction to commissioning complete. No EVAs arerequired for the installation and IVA crew time is kept to a minimum bydesigning systems that are controlled primarily from the ground.

FIGS. 12A and 12B demonstrate the volumetric improvements providedthrough the airlock mechanism of the present disclosure. The volumetricimprovement of the airlock of FIG. 12A offers significantly increasespace relative to the known JEM airlock of FIG. 12B.

FIGS. 13A and 13B further show the volumetric considerations of thepresently disclosed subject matter, which includes accommodation of anenveloped trimmed to is PCBM guides and latches. In the disclosedembodiment, a maximum diameter of 65 inches is trimmed with recessescausing a reduced diameter of 53 inches, which may cause the contents tonot impact the PCBM guides and latches. With a depth of 62 inches, theairlock mechanism offers a significant multiple of the earlier JEMairlock envelope.

FIGS. 14 and 15 an installed and equipped airlock structure according tothe presently disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 16 shows various dimensional aspects of the presently disclosedsubject matter for accommodating volume requirements of PCBM guides andlatches.

FIG. 17 shows the relative size of the airlock of the present subjectmatter in comparison with a normally sized individual.

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of the presently disclosed airlockmechanism for a pressure shell type structure equipped with a PassiveCommon Berthing Mechanism (PCMB). The airlock mechanism (see FIG. 1) isa pressure shell type structure equipped with a Passive Common BerthingMechanism (PCBM) allowing attachment to and removal from the ISS. Theairlock mechanism is also equipped with a Flight Releasable GrappleFixture (FRGF) to allow for robotic manipulation using the Space StationRemote Manipulator System (SSRMS). Launch support Flight SupportEquipment (FSE) may provide the interface to the SpaceX Dragon Trunk.

FIGS. 19 through 21 show aspects of the presently disclosed subjectmatter portraying use for exemplary payloads. An external wireless datainterface may be considered for airlock mechanism but the wiredinterface provides a far superior data capability than the current ISSwireless system and thus is the baselined configuration for airlockmechanism.

The needed airlock mechanism would enhance two vital areas of NASAinterest. The first is continued utilization of the ISS for commercialpayloads via commercial investment by providing additional externalpayload capability. Commercial payloads include, but are not limited toearth viewing sensors, space viewing telescopes, and materials exposureexperiments. The payload sites on airlock mechanism provide very goodNadir viewing from at least four sites. Zenith viewing is also fairlygood with some partially obscured viewing. Other viewing directions arecapable but much more limited. In addition, viewing may be improved bythe payloads by providing angled or offset structures or activegimbaling or deployment of payload sensors.

FIGS. 22 through 25 depict use of the airlock exterior for coolingsystem for providing enhanced functionality above and beyond the normalFRAM capabilities of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 25 displays a perspective view of a module with a closed end inaccordance with embodiments. The closed end module includes a PCBMcomprising an open end that may attach to a space station. The modulemay comprise a six-sided cylindrical body including six PFRAM siteslocated on each face and a seventh PFRAM site located on an end faceopposite the PCBM of module. At least one robotic grapple fixture (e.g.a Flight Releasable Grapple Fixture or FRGF) may be located on the endface to permit robotic manipulation of module.

FIGS. 22 through 25 demonstrate volumetric capacity aspects of thepresently disclosed airlock system. A cooling system is also apossibility for the airlock mechanism which would add a uniquecapability above and beyond the normal FRAM capabilities. The presentdisclosure this cooling system to utilize the Low Temperature Loop (LTL)of the ISS which would cool a Glycol loop via a heat exchanger which inturn would the cooling medium for the payloads mounted on the FRAMs. TheGlycol loop would not exchange fluid with the FRAM or payload but ratherwould interface with a block of material mounted on the passive FRAM andthen conductively cool a matching interface on the payload/FRAM. Thissystem is illustrated in FIG. 6.

Monitoring of the airlock mechanism systems may be performed byoperations team working with the ISS Payload Operations InterfaceFacility (POIF) and Mission Control Center Houston (MCC-H). It isenvisioned that airlock mechanism would remain onboard for the remaininglife of ISS including use in post ISS plans.

Plumbed into the airlock cooling system is a fluid-cooling heat sinkmounted to the underside of a FRAM adapter plate in lieu of the thirdelectrical connector housing. When the FRAM is mated to PFRAM, physicalcontact provides a conductive thermal path. The PFIP is equipped with aheat sink, plumbed into the airlock mechanism's glycol cooling loop.

FIGS. 26 through 28 illustrate fold-down features for enhancingclearance within the presently disclosed subject matter. Forinstallation of payloads in airlock, they must pass through the CBMhatch. The CBM Controller Panel Assemblies (CPAs) may be mounted on afold down mechanism which restricts the opening to 41″ square. Note: CBMCPAs without the fold down mechanism further restricts clearance to 30″.Note: Full hatch opening: 50″ square

FIGS. 29 and 30, respectively, present a berthed and a deployedconfiguration of the presently disclosed airlock.

FIG. 31 shows a FRAM system and interfaces applicable to the presentlydisclosed subject matter. All payloads are planned to be installed viaISS robotics using the proven FRAM interface system. Therefore, allelectrical mates may be done robotically as well. Preliminary roboticsstudies show that all sites are reachable by ISS robotics. The airlockmechanism Video System may provide visual assistance to the ISS roboticsoperator for payload installation and removal. This video may beavailable to crew and the ground as needed.

The airlock mechanism avionics may provide the command and controlinterfaces to the payloads and the interfaces to Node 3 as shown in FIG.31. Power distribution may be via the airlock mechanism Electrical PowerSystem (EPS) which may provide power control, isolation, circuitprotection, and regulation to all the payloads. Redundant 120 and 28 VDCpower may be available at all FRAM sites. The airlock mechanism Commandand Data Handling System (CDHS) may provide the command and control ofthe payloads. The primary command and data path for the payloadoperations may be via the Ethernet interface. Safety critical commandand data may be via the MIL 1553 interface if needed. The CDHS may alsoprovide data storage capabilities as well if needed by the payload.

FIGS. 32A, 32B, 33, and 34 present engineering considerations forconveying the disclosed subject matter aboard a SpaceX Dragon payload.

FIGS. 35 through 38 show use of the presently disclosed subject matterfor microsatellite deployment. The airlock appears with a small sat fordeployment. This configuration may multiple KABER class payloads on oneairlock.

FIGS. 39 through 42 depict alternative uses for the airlock mechanism ofthe present disclosure to achieve important ISS and related objectives.

The presently disclosed subject matter supports internal payloads,including “typical rack/locker” type internal payloads. Providinginterfaces similar to ISS racks, there is provided power via ISS Node 3.120 or 28 VDC from airlock EPS. Data via wired Ethernet to ISS Node 3,Ethernet through airlock CDHS, Data storage available on airlock CDHStoo. Examples of such internal payloads may include (a) locker payloads,(b) glove Box payloads. (c) frame payloads

The presently disclosed subject matter supports external payloads. Suchpayloads provide short duration exposure and very flexible position viaSSRMS, including Nadir, Zenith, Ram, Wake, etc. These may be installedon the POA if SSRMS needed elsewhere. They must balance length ofexposure with increased risk of MMOD hit at Node 3 Port CBM location.

Long Duration Exposure: airlock utilized to transfer payload outside ofISS for subsequent transfer to another ISS location (e.g., truss FRAMsite). airlock parking on POA which then frees SSRMS to grapple andextract payload from within airlock.

NASA and its supporters face the pleasant problem that the demand forISS utilization may well come to exceed available opportunities. Yet, atthe same time, there is the conundrum that the end date of the stationmay impede the further commercial investment required to allowutilization to grow. Looking out, there is a widely accepted desireamong stakeholders to develop methods for better utilizing space stationassets and engaging in public-private partnerships to best leverageresources for industry to take over low-Earth orbit operations once theISS reaches its expiration date.

The FRAM Facility delivers additional use of space station resources forboth commercial and government payloads. The additional capability mayattract additional payloads and extend the utilization of the ISS as aNational Laboratory. The additional sites may produce additional burdenon ISS crew time and resources but the airlock mechanism is beingdesigned to minimize crew time and rely heavily on automation androbotics. This reliance on automation and robotics is key to developinga proven infrastructure that may be sustainable after the ISS end oflife.

Furthermore, the airlock mechanism allows a stepping stone approach tooperations and utilization on and beyond the Space Station in accordancewith NASA objectives. The airlock mechanism may be designed,manufactured, operated and its services marketed by an industry team.This sort of commercial investment, and team expertise, is vital toprotect U.S. interests as government space station operations are set tobe terminated in the mid to late 2020s. In leading the commercialairlock mechanism team, there is the need to aid in helping to prevent agap in low Earth orbit activities that may be detrimental to current ISSsuppliers and users.

An additional feature, airlock mechanism provides for potential payloadsis the ability to have payload avionics located within the ISSpressurized area and thus only have the sensors mounted to the FRAM.This provides the following advantages not afforded to other “typical”FRAM locations:

The presently disclosed subject matter frees up mass and volume on theFRAM plate. This provides lab type environment for avionics which ismuch more benign than an exterior environment. Avionics may ride up insoft stowage which is much more benign launch environment than whenriding on the FRAM interface (would require simple crew installation onorbit). Avionics may be upgraded/repaired as needed by the crew.

In addition, the present disclosure possible NASA use for ORU storageand having full power and data resources available at each site providesenhanced capabilities over many of the other FRAM sites on the ISS.

While this disclosure has been particularly shown and described withreference to preferred embodiments thereof and to the accompanyingdrawings, it may be understood by those skilled in the art that variouschanges in form and details may be made therein without departing fromthe spirit of this disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the disclosure isdefined not by the detailed description but by the appended claims.

1. A spacecraft airlock system, for providing a defined volume of spacepayload to the international space station, comprising: a means ofattaching to a space station; a closed structure attached to said means;said means of attaching is capable of robotic manipulation; a coolingsystem for cooling payload components within said closed structure.2-15. (canceled)